Stick to these four simple rules whenever you write a scientific name.
Quick Fix
- Capitalize only the genus.
- Lower-case the species epithet.
- Italicize both words (or underline if handwritten).
- Spell out the genus in full at first mention.
Why do these rules matter?
Scientific names—also called binomial names—are governed by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. The goal is a single, unambiguous name recognized worldwide. As of 2026, the codes still require two-part Latin or latinized names, with the genus first and the species second.
How do I format a scientific name correctly?
- Capitalize the genus only.
In Canis lupus, Canis is capitalized; lupus is not. The same rule applies whether the epithet honors a place, person, or trait.
- Italicize the whole name.
Use italics in digital text (Homo sapiens). Handwritten or typewritten documents should use underlining: Rana temporaria.
- Spell the genus in full on first mention.
In a paper, write Canis lupus the first time; thereafter you may abbreviate the genus as C. lupus.
- Check uniqueness and etiquette.
The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature states names must not be offensive and cannot be based on the describer’s own name (ICZN Code, Article 11.6). Verify proposed names in ZooBank before publication.
What if I mess up the formatting?
- Bacteria & viruses. The International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (as of 2026) keeps the same two-part format but adds optional subspecies levels (e.g., Escherichia coli subsp. coli).
- Cultivars & hybrids. Put cultivar names in single quotes without italics: Magnolia × soulangeana ‘Lennei’. Hybrids use a multiplication sign before the epithet.
- Fossils. Add “sp.” for an unknown species or “cf.” when the identification is provisional: Tyrannosaurus cf. rex.
How can I avoid common mistakes?
| Action | How to do it |
|---|---|
| Always query ZooBank | Run the proposed name through ZooBank before writing the manuscript; duplicates are rejected by reviewers. |
| Use authoritative databases | Confirm spelling and authority in Catalogue of Life (2026 release) or GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. |
| Adopt the eight-level hierarchy | Double-check that the genus and species fit under the correct family, order, and class—mismatches are common in student drafts. |
| Reserve the species epithet | If you plan to name a species, register the intended epithet in ZooBank up to 12 months before publication to secure priority. |
